Heatmap¶

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Title: HeatMap Element
Dependencies: Bokeh
Backends: Bokeh; Matplotlib; Plotly

In [1]:

import numpy as np
import holoviews as hv
from holoviews import opts
hv.extension('bokeh')

HeatMap visualises tabular data indexed by two key dimensions as a grid of colored values. This allows spotting correlations in multivariate data and provides a high-level overview of how the two variables are plotted.

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The data for a HeatMap may be supplied as 2D tabular data with one or more associated value dimensions. The first value dimension will be colormapped, but further value dimensions may be revealed using the hover tool.

In [2]:

data = [(i, chr(97+j),  i*j) for i in range(5) for j in range(5) if i!=j]
hm = hv.HeatMap(data).sort()
hm.opts(xticks=None)

Out[2]:

It is important to note that the data should be aggregated before plotting as the HeatMap cannot display multiple values for one coordinate and will simply use the first value it finds for each combination of x- and y-coordinates.

In [3]:

heatmap = hv.HeatMap([(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 10), (1, 0, 2), (1, 1, 3)])
heatmap + heatmap.aggregate(function=np.max)

WARNING:param.HeatMapPlot03225: HeatMap element index is not unique,  ensure you aggregate the data before displaying it, e.g. using heatmap.aggregate(function=np.mean). Duplicate index values have been dropped.

Out[3]:

As the above example shows before aggregating the second value for the (0, 0) is ignored unless we aggregate the data first.

To reveal the values of a HeatMap we can either enable a colorbar or add a hover tool. The hover tools even allows displaying any number of additional value dimensions, providing additional information a static plot could not capture.

Note that a HeatMap allows mixtures of categorical, numeric and datetime values along the x- and y-axes:

In [4]:

heatmap = hv.HeatMap((np.random.randint(0, 10, 100), np.random.choice(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'], 100), 
                      np.random.randn(100), np.random.randn(100)), vdims=['z', 'z2']).sort().aggregate(function=np.mean)

heatmap.opts(opts.HeatMap(tools=['hover'], colorbar=True, width=325, toolbar='above', clim=(-2, 2)))

Out[4]:

For full documentation and the available style and plot options, use hv.help(hv.HeatMap).

Download this notebook from GitHub (right-click to download).